美国为何没有工党

The improbable rise of Bernie Sanders’ presidential campaign presents an interesting question: why is Sanders, a self-proclaimed “democratic socialist2,” running as a Democrat1? McGill University sociologist3 Barry Eidlin examines this question through an historical comparison with Canada, a country similar to the U.S. in many ways, but whose political culture and electoral system have ostensibly been more hospitable4 to labor5 parties. “In any other industrialized country, Sanders would likely be the standard-bearer for a labor or social democratic party”, says Eidlin in a new analysis published in the American Sociological Review. “But the U.S. famously lacks such a party. The conventional wisdom holds that the U.S. lacks a labor or socialist party because its political culture is hostile to socialism, and its electoral system is uniquely hostile to third parties.”

Electoral data challenges conventional wisdom

“The analysis of 142 years of electoral data shows that differences in political culture and electoral systems did not affect labor party support as expected: prior to the 1930s, political differences were muted, with low but significant labor party support in both countries” says Eidlin.

It was only in the 1930s that labor party support collapsed6 in the United States and took off in Canada. Why was there such a stark8 shift in the 1930s?

Using in-depth archival research, Prof. Eidlin shows that it was a consequence of different ruling party responses to worker and farmer protest during the Great Depression. In the U.S., FDR responded to the protests with rhetorical appeals to the “forgotten man” and policy reforms that successfully absorbed some farmer and labor groups into his New Deal coalition9, while simultaneously10 dividing and excluding others. The result was labor party collapse7.

In Canada, mainstream11 parties responded to protests with a combination of repression12 and neglect. This exclusionary13 approach left room for the Cooperative Commonwealth14 Federation15 (CCF), a precursor16 to today’s New Democratic Party (NDP), to organize them into a durable17 third-party coalition.

1 democrat Xmkzf

n.民主主义者,民主人士;民主党党员
参考例句:
The Democrat and the Public criticized each other.民主党人和共和党人互相攻击。
About two years later,he was defeated by Democrat Jimmy Carter.大约两年后,他被民主党人杰米卡特击败。
2 socialist jwcws
n.社会主义者;adj.社会主义的
参考例句:
China is a socialist country,and a developing country as well.中国是一个社会主义国家,也是一个发展中国家。
His father was an ardent socialist.他父亲是一个热情的社会主义者。
3 sociologist 2wSwo
n.研究社会学的人,社会学家
参考例句:
His mother was a sociologist,researching socialism.他的母亲是个社会学家,研究社会主义。
Max Weber is a great and outstanding sociologist.马克斯·韦伯是一位伟大的、杰出的社会学家。
4 hospitable CcHxA
adj.好客的;宽容的;有利的,适宜的
参考例句:
The man is very hospitable.He keeps open house for his friends and fellow-workers.那人十分好客,无论是他的朋友还是同事,他都盛情接待。
The locals are hospitable and welcoming.当地人热情好客。
5 labor P9Tzs
n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦
参考例句:
We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后,他已经疲惫不堪了。
6 collapsed cwWzSG
adj.倒塌的
参考例句:
Jack collapsed in agony on the floor. 杰克十分痛苦地瘫倒在地板上。
The roof collapsed under the weight of snow. 房顶在雪的重压下突然坍塌下来。
7 collapse aWvyE
vi.累倒;昏倒;倒塌;塌陷
参考例句:
The country’s economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge’s collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做了一次彻底的调查分析。
8 stark lGszd
adj.荒凉的;严酷的;完全的;adv.完全地
参考例句:
The young man is faced with a stark choice.这位年轻人面临严峻的抉择。
He gave a stark denial to the rumor.他对谣言加以完全的否认。
9 coalition pWlyi
n.结合体,同盟,结合,联合
参考例句:
The several parties formed a coalition.这几个政党组成了政治联盟。
Coalition forces take great care to avoid civilian casualties.联盟军队竭尽全力避免造成平民伤亡。
10 simultaneously 4iBz1o
adv.同时发生地,同时进行地
参考例句:
The radar beam can track a number of targets almost simultaneously.雷达波几乎可以同时追着多个目标。
The Windows allow a computer user to execute multiple programs simultaneously.Windows允许计算机用户同时运行多个程序。
11 mainstream AoCzh9
n.(思想或行为的)主流;adj.主流的
参考例句:
Their views lie outside the mainstream of current medical opinion.他们的观点不属于当今医学界观点的主流。
Polls are still largely reflects the mainstream sentiment.民调还在很大程度上反映了社会主流情绪。
12 repression zVyxX
n.镇压,抑制,抑压
参考例句:
The repression of your true feelings is harmful to your health.压抑你的真实感情有害健康。
This touched off a new storm against violent repression.这引起了反对暴力镇压的新风暴。
13 exclusionary 7b922c7ff4e4ecd651577aafa4370540
adj.排斥(性)的,排除在外的
参考例句:
Play not finish, uncle fidgeting, cut exclusionary. 戏未演完,叔父坐立不安,仓皇退席。 来自互联网
Procecutor: I am asking you to recognize the absurdity of the exclusionary rule. 检察官:我是在请求您认识到这个排除规则的荒谬性。 来自互联网
14 commonwealth XXzyp
n.共和国,联邦,共同体
参考例句:
He is the chairman of the commonwealth of artists.他是艺术家协会的主席。
Most of the members of the Commonwealth are nonwhite.英联邦的许多成员国不是白人国家。
15 federation htCzMS
n.同盟,联邦,联合,联盟,联合会
参考例句:
It is a federation of 10 regional unions.它是由十个地方工会结合成的联合会。
Mr.Putin was inaugurated as the President of the Russian Federation.普京正式就任俄罗斯联邦总统。
16 precursor rPOx1
n.先驱者;前辈;前任;预兆;先兆
参考例句:
Error is often the precursor of what is correct.错误常常是正确的先导。
He said that the deal should not be seen as a precursor to a merger.他说该笔交易不应该被看作是合并的前兆。
17 durable frox4
adj.持久的,耐久的
参考例句:
This raincoat is made of very durable material.这件雨衣是用非常耐用的料子做的。
They frequently require more major durable purchases.他们经常需要购买耐用消费品。

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该日志由 1zanxin 于2017年08月03日发表在 杂谈 分类下,
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